Glossary

1. Aprakashagraha

'aprakaashagraha' Literally 'non-luminous'- 'graha'. Refer Graha. Often clubbed together with Upagraha. Refers to five orbital bodies calculated based on the Suns orbit in the signs. These are: Dhooma, Vyatipata, Parivesha, Indra Chaapa and Upaketu.
They are calculated as follows:
1. Adding 4 signs (120 degrees) and one nakshatra (13 degrees 20 minutes) to the Sun gives the position of Dhooma.
2. Deducting 360 degrees from the previous result gives the position of Vyatipata.
3. Exactly opposite (180 degrees) Vyatipata is Parivesha.
4. Deducting 360 degrees from the previous result gives the position of Indra Chaapa.
5. Adding one nakshatra and one navamsa (16 degrees 40 minutes) to Indra Chaapa will reveal the position of Upaketu.
If ones calculations are correct, then adding 30 degrees to Upaketu will reveal the sign placement of the Sun itself.
Parasara Muni describes that these are used with reference to the Lagna, Sun and Moon. If two or more of these upagraha join the lagna, they ruin the intelligence. If two or more join the Sun then the lineage or offspring/children suffer. If two or more join the Moon then the longevity of the native is ruined and health is low.

2. Eclipse

From the word 'ecliptic', which is the intersection that causes eclipse. Read more below. The intersection of both the Sun and the Moon with the earths ecliptic causes the blinding of either the Sun or the Moon. If the Moon appears in front of the Sun during this intersection it is a solar eclipse, where the Sun is for a short time not visible. This is most notable during the day time. When instead the Moon appears behind the earth during this intersection, the Moon isn't able to receive light from the Sun and thereby forms a lunar eclipse.

3. Graha

'graha' Refers to a body in orbit which has an influence over any animate or inanimate being. Comes from the word 'grahana' meaning 'to eclipse' or 'seize'. As an orbital body it refers to the nine graha or 'navagraha' used in Jyotish/Vedic Astrology namely: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and the north and south nodes of the Moon (Rahu and Ketu). The act of 'eclipsing' refers to the fact that the orbital bodies are transiting in front of the stars or 'nakshatra' and cause an eclipse of these with reference to the beings on earth.

4. Karaka

'Kara-ka' Literally the one who causes action, where kara refers to the hand, or the cause of karma.
The word karaka has many uses, but in Jyotish it has two main functions: 1) three types of karaka scheme; 2)pachakaadi sambandha scheme; In the former scheme it refers to which entities or bodies the grahas represent, i.e. the Sun is the most important among the grahas in the solar system and therefore becomes the king. Saturn is that planet placed farthest away from the Suns light and place among the grahas, and therefore is given the least significance and wealth... it is associated with poor people and the general public.
Specifically the three types of karaka refer to the planets significations in matters related to the world/God, the soul and the body, named naisargika, chara and sthira karakas respectively.
In the latter scheme it refers to which planets do the work or karma for another planet, i.e. in case of the Sun which is the king among the grahas, it is Saturn the servant who does the karma for the Sun.

5. Upagraha

'upaagraha' Literally 'lower'-'graha'. See also Graha. These Upagraha are often clubbed together with 'aprakasha graha'. Upagraha Refers to a number of orbital bodies calculated based on the progression of time in a day in timespans of Yama-Kala. Eight yama-kala exist in the daytime and eight in the night. They are presided over by the seven grahas, viz: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn in their order. The eighth portion is not lorded by any graha. Moon and Venus do not take on any Upagrahas. Further the Upagrahas are said to be the children of the grahas.
Sun: Kala;
Mars: Mrtyu;
Mercury: Ardhaprahara;
Jupiter: Yamaghantaka;
Saturn: Gulika;
There is some debate as to when in these Yama-Kalas the Upagrahas rise, but the tradition of Sri Achyuta Dasa bases their calculation on the sloka from Parashara Muni, viz: ravivaaraadishanyantaM gulikaadi nirupyate; Translation: Gulika and the other (upagrahas) are derived based on the ending times (of the grahas) from sun to saturn in weekday order. Based on this the tradition calculates the Upagrahas rising at the end of the yama-kalas of the mentioned grahas.
An extra Upagraha named Mandi also finds its place in the Upagraha scheme, which is said by some to rise in the middle of the eighth/lordless portion. This Upagraha is especially helpful in matters pertaining to Nastha Jataka or Lost Horoscopy. Where the Graha have an influence over the minds and thus actions of people, the upagraha do not have so, yet are extremely important in determining better times for remedies, times when mistakes will occur, or times of danger.